Russian Revolution Timeline

Russian Revolution Timeline The Russian Revolution of 1917 dismissed the dictator and introduced the Bolsheviks in power. In the wake of winning the common war in Russia, the Bolsheviks built up the Soviet Union in 1922. Courses of events of the Russian Revolution are regularly befuddling in light of the fact that up until February 1918 Russia utilized an unexpected schedule in comparison to the remainder of the Western world. The nineteenth century, the Julian schedule, utilized by Russia, was 12 days behind the Gregorian schedule (utilized by the vast majority of the Western world) until March 1, 1900, when it became 13 days behind. In this course of events, the dates are in the Julian Old Style, with the Gregorian New Style (NS) date in brackets, until the change in 1918. From that point, all dates are in the Gregorian. Course of events of the Russian Revolution 1887 May 8 (May 20 NS) - Lenins sibling, Alexander Ulyanov, is hanged for plotting to slaughter Czar Alexander III. 1894 October 20 (November 1 NS) - Czar Alexander III passes on after an abrupt disease and his child, Nicholas II, turns into the leader of Russia.November 14 (November 26 NS) - Czar Nicholas II weds Alexandra Fedorovna. 1895 December 8 (December 20 NS) - Lenin is captured, kept in isolation for 13 months, and afterward banished to Siberia for a long time. 1896 May 14 (May 26 NS) - Nicholas II delegated despot of Russia. <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/pJ-Jt1IhhzkwGWDrpfxXLF0Y2s8=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/ - picture of-head nicholas-ii-1915-1916463904387-5c452e2dc9e77c0001798c14.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/hJeA575s0s10UVvQ02B4FTRdgBs=/1375x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/ - representation of-sovereign nicholas-ii-1915-1916463904387-5c452e2dc9e77c0001798c14.jpg 1375w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/98z_mfrUyyBoD_CtQaAoqmqfWa4=/2450x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/ - representation of-ruler nicholas-ii-1915-1916463904387-5c452e2dc9e77c0001798c14.jpg 2450w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/eb9MztgSAI-xMh_rWYBQFyemMGQ=/4602x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/ - picture of-ruler nicholas-ii-1915-1916463904387-5c452e2dc9e77c0001798c14.jpg 4602w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/Audrn4NusAzFxlk52335aj3nDfw=/4602x3821/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/ - picture of-head nicholas-ii-1915-1916463904387-5c452e2dc9e77c0001798c14.jpg src=//:0 alt='Portrait of Emperor Nicholas II', 1915-1916. class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-19 information following container=true /> Print Collector/Getty Images/Getty Images 1903 July 17 - August 10 (July 30 - August 23 NS) - The Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP) meeting in which the Party parts into two groups: Mensheviks (minority) and Bolsheviks (lion's share). 1904 July 30 (August 12 NS) - After having four young ladies, Czarina Alexandra brings forth a child, Alexei. 1905 January 9 (January 22 NS) - Bloody Sunday in St. Petersburg starts the 1905 Russian Revolution.October 17 (October 30 NS) - The October Manifesto, gave by Czar Nicholas II, stops the 1905 Russian Revolution by promising common freedoms and a chosen parliament (Duma). 1906 April 23 (May 6 NS) - A constitution (the Fundamental Laws of 1906) is made, mirroring the guarantees made in the October Manifesto. 1914 July 15 (July 28 NS) - World War I starts. 1915 September 5 (September 18 NS) - Czar Nicholas II accept incomparable order of the Russian Army. 1916 December 17 (December 30) - Rasputin is killed. 1917 February 23-27 (March 8-12 NS) - The February Revolution starts with strikes, shows, and insurrections in Petrograd (additionally called the March Revolution if following the Gregorian calendar).March 2 (March 15 NS) - Czar Nicholas II resigns and incorporates his child. The next day, Nicholas sibling, Mikhail reported his refusal to acknowledge the seat. Temporary Government formed.April 3 (April 16 NS) - Lenin comes back from oust and shows up in Petrograd by means of a fixed train.July 3-7 (July 16-20 NS) - The July Days start in Petrograd with unconstrained fights against the Provisional Government; after the Bolsheviks ineffectively attempt to coordinate these fights into an upset, Lenin is constrained into hiding.July 11 (July 24 NS) - Alexander Kerensky becomes Prime Minister of the Provisional Government.August 22-27 (September 4-9 NS) - The Kornilov Affair, a bombed overthrow by General Lavr Kornilov, authority of the Russian Army.October 25 (November 7 NS) - The October Rev olution - the Bolsheviks assume control over Petrograd (likewise called the November Revolution if following the Gregorian schedule). October 26 (November 8 NS) - The Winter Palace, the last holdout of the Provisional Government, is taken by the Bolsheviks; the Council of Peoples Commissars (condensed as Sovnarkom), drove by Lenin, is currently in charge of Russia. 1918 February 1/14 - The new Bolshevik government changes over Russia from the Julian to the Gregorian schedule transforming February 1 into February 14.March 3 - The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, among Germany and Russia, is marked and removes Russia from World War I.March 8 - The Bolshevik Party changes its name to the Communist Party.March 11 - The capital of Russia is changed from St. Petersburg to Moscow.June - Russian common war begins.July 17 - Czar Nicholas II and his family are executed.August 30 - A death endeavor leaves Lenin truly injured. <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/wo5IEzW4gMyZdQY-5g7fl_lJPVE=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/the-group of-tsar-nicholas-ii-of-russia-919806076-5c4531d2c9e77c00014e56d5.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/2cfFnhv8Av8p3Gwr5Hqu5batCEc=/1553x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/the-group of-tsar-nicholas-ii-of-russia-919806076-5c4531d2c9e77c00014e56d5.jpg 1553w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/emPKP1IOF_OZ6TKBeboFxab-RFM=/2806x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/the-group of-tsar-nicholas-ii-of-russia-919806076-5c4531d2c9e77c00014e56d5.jpg 2806w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/CTDT_GXePVUqMBs8IHLT4h5oTic=/5315x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/the-group of-tsar-nicholas-ii-of-russia-919806076-5c4531d2c9e77c00014e56d5.jpg 5315w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/iawzho5v7ysWXf9WLBD0oyv5aQA=/5315x4088/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/the-group of-tsar-nicholas-ii-of-russia-919806076-5c4531d2c9e77c00014e56d5.jpg src=//:0 alt=The Family Of Tsar Nicholas Ii Of Russia class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-49 information following container=true /> Legacy Images/Getty Images 1920 November - Russian common war closes. 1922 April 3 - Stalin is designated General Secretary.May 26 - Lenin endures his first stroke.December 15 - Lenin endures his subsequent stroke and resigns from politics.December 30 - The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) set up. 1924 January 21 - Lenin bites the dust; Stalin will turn into his replacement. <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/K3eJZv35WYmRwGn7Z75IAdJ0f9o=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/stalin-in-moscow-52778308-5c453067c9e77c0001fb57b4.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/bwr71mrpyiOClTgjgTyfl3Rw_zw=/1475x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/stalin-in-moscow-52778308-5c453067c9e77c0001fb57b4.jpg 1475w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/0XqKOe89MshXrVULV2rx_2ipXQg=/2650x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/stalin-in-moscow-52778308-5c453067c9e77c0001fb57b4.jpg 2650w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/lw656L1Ozz0iCP4TX-6C8oYrM=/5000x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/stalin-in-moscow-52778308-5c453067c9e77c0001fb57b4.jpg 5000w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/TEERRUsJAgvmqaKyjFLyt9PQ1Yk=/5000x3612/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/stalin-in-moscow-52778308-5c453067c9e77c0001fb57b4.jpg src=//:0 alt=Stalin In Moscow class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-59 information following container=true /> Laski Diffusion/Getty Images

Goodyear Case Essay Example For Students

Goodyear Case Essay Distinguishing proof of Strategic Issues and ProblemsIn 1992, the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company chose to rethink the proposal from Sears to sell Goodyears Eagle brand tires. The reasons that Goodyear was pondering this offer was that Sears was supplanting destroyed Goodyear tires at a huge sum each year. The tires were not being supplanted with Goodyear tires on the grounds that the clients at Sears needed to supplant their tires with the most ideal tires that Sears offered, and the Goodyear tires were not in the contribution. The companys significant choices in this choice were whether to sell just the Eagle brand tires or the entirety of the Goodyear tire brands. Examination and EvaluationThe tire industry is worldwide in region and most contenders begin, market and sell their items around the world. There are ten tire makers that represent 75% of overall tire creation. Of the ten tire producers, Goodyear is the second biggest. The business separates into two markets: 1. The first gear tire market and 2. The substitution tire advertise. The first gear tires represent 25-30 percent of the companys creation every year and the trade tire showcase represents 70-75 percent of the creation every year. Autonomous tire sellers typically convey the brands of a few distinctive significant producers and a rebate estimated private mark brand to give the substitution purchasers a grouping of costs, characteristics and brands to browsed. The tire makers concluded that it is beneficial to deliver a product offering of tires to engage numerous purchasers by making tires that can be driven under a wide range of street and climate conditions. Goodyears head business is the turn of events, production, dispersion and offer of tires all through the world. The dispersion of tires spoke to 83% of the companys corporate deals of $10.9 billion of every 1991. Around 60% of Goodyear overall deals were in the tire substitution showcase and 40% were to the first gear advertise. On account of the Goodyear name, which is extraordinary compared to other realized brand names on the planet, the Goodyear tires have been situated and valued as premium quality brands. It is one of the main national promoters in the U.S. The organization likewise works around 1,000 organization possessed Goodyear Auto Service Centers and sells through 2,500 diversified Goodyear Tires Dealers in the U.S. These outlets represent a decent bit of the companys yearly tire deals. RecommendationsBecause of an industry examination that expects Sears to profit by conveying Goodyear tires, I figure it would be a smart thought for Goodyear to sell their tires at Sears stores. The way that Goodyear is losing numerous clients to Sears via Sears not offering substitution tires to their clients is turning into a huge loss of business for Goodyear. The clients at Sears are returning clients, and feel that the honesty of the organization is all around spoke to by the items they offer. For Goodyear to sell their items at the Sears stores, it would show that the Goodyear name represents quality and that the item can be trusted and is dependable. Chesterton Carpet Mills, Inc. Recognizable proof of Strategic Issues and ProblemsIn 1999 Suzanne Goldman, Special Assistant to the President of Chesterton Carpet Mills, Inc., was confronted with the choice to build up the companys own circulation habitats or discount activity dependent on the situation of the business and serious situation of the organization. She was told to concentrate just on private business and think about deals of 1999. She was to address the key and monetary parts of an adjustment in conveyance rehearses. Investigation and EvaluationApproximately $50 billion is spent every year for floorcoverings. The biggest classification of floor covers is rug and mats, trailed by versatile covers, for example, vinyl, hardwood, artistic tile and overlays. .u414256e19316dd4b234f8a7e55b552bc , .u414256e19316dd4b234f8a7e55b552bc .postImageUrl , .u414256e19316dd4b234f8a7e55b552bc .focused content zone { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u414256e19316dd4b234f8a7e55b552bc , .u414256e19316dd4b234f8a7e55b552bc:hover , .u414256e19316dd4b234f8a7e55b552bc:visited , .u414256e19316dd4b234f8a7e55b552bc:active { border:0!important; } .u414256e19316dd4b234f8a7e55b552bc .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u414256e19316dd4b234f8a7e55b552bc { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u414256e19316dd4b234f8a7e55b552bc:active , .u414256e19316dd4b234f8a7e55b552bc:hover { haziness: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u414256e19316dd4b234f8a7e55b552bc .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u414256e19316dd4b234f8a7e55b552bc .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content design: underline; } .u414256e19316dd4b234f8a7e55b552bc .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u414256e19316dd4b234f8a7e55b552bc .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content embellishment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u414256e19316dd4b234f8a7e55b552bc:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u414256e19316dd4b 234f8a7e55b552bc .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u414256e19316dd4b234f8a7e55b552bc-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u414256e19316dd4b234f8a7e55b552bc:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Cover Up - JFK Essay Industry deals are isolated between business deals and private deals. Absence of advertising is frequently an issue with the decrease of U.S organizations giving floor covering to private and business clients. The market for U. S. made rug and floor coverings is amazingly serious and U.S. producers are encountering quick decreases in deals. As changes in the rug and floor covering industry were made perhaps the greatest change that affected the whole business, was when makers began to work its own retail locations. A significant number of the chain retail locations dropped these makers and started selling different makers items. Numerous wholesalers started feeling strain to shave their overall revenues to suit retailer-valuing requests. A large number of their retail accounts had joined provincial retail purchasing gatherings and were looking for value breaks similar to those made conceivable through their gathering buys. This made Chesterton Carpet Mills consent to consider a decrease in its cost to wholesalers that could be gives to retailers. RecommendationsConsidering that wholesalers were taking steps to pull their business from Chesterton, and in light of the marketing projections that would be expected to work the immediate circulation communities it would not be savvy right now to start tasks thusly. I believe that it would be keen for the organization to reevaluate when the business turns out to be less serious, and somewhat more steady. Words/Pages : 883/24

The Role of Meta-Analysis in Scientific Studies

The Role of Meta-Analysis in Scientific Studies Basics Print The Role of Meta-Analysis in Scientific Studies By Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD, is a clinical psychologist and associate professor of psychology at Eastern Connecticut State University. Learn about our editorial policy Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on June 19, 2015 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on September 26, 2018 Maskot / Getty Images More in Psychology Basics Psychotherapy Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming A meta-analysis is basically a study about studies. It is used to get an integrated result. In other words, a researcher reviews previously published studies on a topic, then analyzes the various results to find general trends across the studies. It can be used in psychology, general medical practice, or detailed studies of particular diseases, conditions, and treatments. Why Is Meta-Analysis Important? With new studies from around the world  constantly being published, the amount of medical research available is overwhelming. This is true even for the most experienced practitioner. A meta-analysis  is helpful because its a review designed to summarize  information. It follows a few general principles in that a meta-analysis: is done systematicallyfollows certain criteriacontains a pool of resultsis based on a quantitative analysis The review provides important conclusions and trends that influence  future research, policy-makers decisions, and how patients receive care. The Main Objectives As you now know, a meta-analysis is a summary of integrated results analyzed for their differences. Other objectives of this type of clinical review are to: Evaluate effects in different subsets of participants.Create new hypotheses to inspire future clinical studies.Overcome the limitations of small sample sizes.Establish statistical significance. Meta-Analysis Increases Sample Size One of the reasons why meta-analyses are so useful is because of an all too common problem across many research studies: small sample sizes. Using a large sample size requires more resources, including funds and personnel, than a small sample size. When individual research projects dont study a significant number of subjects, it can be difficult to draw reliable and valid conclusions.   Meta-studies help overcome the issue of small sample sizes because they review multiple studies across the same subject area. Establishing Statistical Significance Meta-analyses can also help establish statistical significance across studies that might otherwise seem to have conflicting results. When you take many studies into consideration at once, the statistical significance established is much greater than with one study alone. This is important because statistical significance increases the validity of any observed differences. This increases the reliability of the information. Advantages Meta-analyses offer  numerous advantages over individual studies. This includes greater statistical power and more ability to extrapolate to the greater population. They are also considered to be evidence-based. Disadvantages Although a powerful research tool, meta-analysis has disadvantages. It can be a difficult and time-consuming endeavor to find all of the appropriate studies to examine. Meta-analyses also require complex statistical skills and techniques. Why Meta-Analysis Is Controversial While researchers acknowledge that  meta-analysis is an effective tool, the controversy lays in the procedure the reviewers use. Following the aforementioned principles is critical to drawing valid and reliable conclusions. Experts warn that even minor deviations from protocol can produce biased and misleading results. Additionally, once completed and peer-reviewed, some meta-analyses have been proven to be inappropriate  and unwarranted. Types of Bias A biased meta-analysis can produce misleading results. The three main types of bias are: Publication bias. The problem here is that positive studies are more likely to go to print.Search bias. The search for studies can produce unintentionally biased results. This includes using an incomplete set of keywords or varying strategies to search databases. Also, the search engine used can be a factor.Selection bias. Researchers must clearly define criteria for choosing from the long list of potential studies to be included in the meta-analysis to ensure unbiased results.

Isolation and Suffering in Poetry - 1910 Words

German Philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche believed â€Å"To live is to suffer†. Billy Graham shared this same belief when he wrote the book Just as I am. In the story, he believes that suffering is part of everyone’s lives. This view is also illustrated in the poems, A Mother in a Refugee Camp, Ballad of Birmingham, Telephone Conversation, Half Caste, Mental Cases and War Photographer. These poems revolve around a common theme of Isolation and Suffering. Each poem showcases that there are several kinds of suffering: physically and psychologically. In the poem â€Å"War Photographer†, the poet employs a range of literary technique to show case the suffering that stills photographer’s witness and the psychological pains that a war photographer has to go through. The dark room in the first stanza is described as â€Å"though this were a church and he a priest†. This religious metaphor sets a peaceful atmosphere in the beginning of the poem. This peaceful setting is accompanied with â€Å"the only light is red and softly glows†. This peaceful setting shows a sense of isolation of the photographer, as the setting is gloomy and quiet with no one else accompanying him as he goes processes the photos. The word â€Å"red† also signifies blood it is as though the photographer only sees blood and pain in the photographs while in the room. However, this peace is disrupted through the use of plosives in the last line of the first stanza â€Å"Belfast. Beirut. Phnom Penh.† This use of plosives could represent the evilShow MoreRelatedEmily Dickinson And Susan Dickinsons Poetry1149 Words   |  5 Pagesavoid focusing on the role of the Civil War of her literary subject matter as well as her unique style of literary expression. As a result, to trace Dickinsons growth as a poet and her incorporating particular poetic themes, namely death, isolation, and suffering, it is crucial to explore several events from the authors biography that had a significant impact on her as the poet. More specifically, one should investigate Dickinsons time spent at the Amherst Academy and acquaintance to Leonard HumphreyRead MoreEmily Dickinson As A Poet Of The Dark And Depressive Nature996 Words   |  4 Pagesdepressive nature. She has a reputation of being an introverted, isolated writer who wrote mainly about death and the horrible aspects of life. While this is true, her isolation and depressive nature is what makes her poems as brilliant and cherished as they are. Although her poetry touches o n troubling subjects of mental pain, suffering, and despair, there is also a sense of hope, peace, and a yearning for God in her works. As some would say, â€Å"You can’t have the good without the bad†, and Emily DickinsonRead MoreASIAN POET/SHORT PLAY WRITER: Zhao Zhenkai â€Å"Bei Dao† Zhao Zhenkai also known as Bei Dao is a700 Words   |  3 Pagesinternational awards for his poetry, he’s been nominated severally for the Nobel Prize in literature and he’s an honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and letters. He’s also an author of short stories. He’s known through his writing as a critical thinker who creatively constitute a driving force culture and he’s seen as a pervasive, Insuppressible media machine that is incessantly grinding lives into story lines and human voices into carefully gleaming sound bites. Bai’s poetry core concern at thisRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Starry Night By Anna Sexton952 Words   |  4 PagesSeneca The poem, ‘Starry Night’, by Anna Sexton, which was interpretation of a personal view for Van Gogh’s artwork, â€Å"Starry Night†. 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Poetry therapy has been shown to eliminate peoples language impairments by helping them us e poetry as an alternate communication tool, some patients read poetry to help them with their aphasia disabilityRead MoreAnalysis Of Crossing The Red Sea By Peter Skrzynecki Poem998 Words   |  4 Pages The migrant experience varies for each person, some will have endured traumatic episodes in their life and these experiences are explored in Skrzynecki’s poetry. Through thorough interpretations of Peter Skrzynecki poems, ‘Crossing the Red Sea’, ‘Migrant Hostel’ and ‘Immigrants at Central Station’ the responder gains insight into the emigration experience which encompasses the physical and emotionally draining journey which is a result of the grave uncertainty and doubt lingering around the migrantsRead MoreAnalysis Of Robert Frost s Poem And The Thawing Wind1293 Words   |  6 Pagescome, melt the snow and bring spring, but symbolically he is tired of the winter and wants warm weather. He wants to burst out of his cabin and have a good time, not thinking about poetry. The poet has been confined in his winter cabin and is wanting the wind and rain to melt the snow, so it will change his winter isolation. He has been longing for the †Å"thawing wind† because that is when spring is coming. He is anticipating spring to come because it will bring him inspiration and the freedom neededRead MoreEssay on Works of Auguste Rodin1164 Words   |  5 Pagesare symptomatic of the shift in modern times from a religious to a spiritual art in which the feelings of reverence, faith, and hope formerly addressed to Christ and the saints are transferred to man. The holiness of the living is seen in their suffering, rather than in the passion of the martyrs of the church. Although painting was closest to life at the time, it is in a work of sculpture, a counterpart of Baudelaires Les Fleurs du Mal, that we find an assay of the spiritual cost of the spectacleRead MoreAbnormal Perceptions Of Reality : The Bell Jar, And Cullen s Columbine1187 Words   |  5 Pagesof Reality Isolation causes people to spiral into a dark hole of dramatic loss of self worth and often times, the loss of their will to keep living. Humans are social beings, they are not meant to be isolated and feel alone in the world. In Huxley s Brave New World, Plath s The Bell Jar, and Cullen s Columbine, characters suffer from various types of isolation. The three types of isolation are, self-inflicted, social, and forced isolation. Although self-inflicted and social isolation cause individualsRead MoreA Marginal Structural Model Analysis For Loneliness1037 Words   |  4 Pagestaking the time to study this new subject is key in developing strategies, which might help others in their struggle, ultimately leading to success. Loneliness affects millions of people each day. Many reading this have shared feelings of isolation and may be unmotivated due to this. We have all been lonely at some point in life, but what we may have not realized is how it impacted both our personal and physical state. Loneliness is not a standard term, but rather its complex and has several

Essay on The Influence of Lady Macbeth in Shakespeares...

The Influence of Lady Macbeth in Shakespeares Macbeth In Shakespeares tragedy, Macbeth, is seen as a courageous soldier who is loyal to the King but is corrupted by the witches prophecies and by Lady Macbeths and his own ambition. This is because of the weakness of Macbeths character and the strong power of Lady Macbeth as she is easily able to influence him. Her strength motivates him at the start but after he realizes what he has done it is himself that continues in his murderous, bloody path. At the beginning of the play Lady Macbeth appears as a kind wife but underneath lies a scheming and treacherous woman. Both Macbeth and his wife go through many changes throughout the course of this play. They go from†¦show more content†¦Throughout the play we see the character of Macbeth change not from just the way he thinks and what we hear from the play, but from the actions he takes in the play. Killing Banquo, then having Lady Macduff and her children murdered, shows the insecurity that was present in Macbeth. After the murder of Duncan, Macbeth becomes paranoid and his first step of killing the guards is one of many that he takes to secure himself. Macbeth is also very superstitious and this is shown when he believes the prophecy the witches told him about Banquos offspring becoming Kings. Towards the end of the play when Macbeths wife has died and the battle is drawing closer Macbeth shows some potential good. He wishes for a normal life in which he would have lived to an honorable age but he recognizes that he has ruined any chance of that. Even when Macbeth hears that the prophecy has come true of Birnam Wood coming to Dunsinane, he rejects this idea and fights on until he realizes that Macduff wasnt born in a natural birth but instead was Untimely ripped from his mothers womb. When Macbeth hears of this he realizes what he has done and how he has been tricked by the witches. Although he has come to that realization, he continues to fight only to be slain in the end. Macbeth can be summarized as a character who is physically strong but he is mentally very weak and it isShow MoreRelatedShakespeare and Chopin1095 Words   |  5 Pagesone of the William Shakespeare’s greatest plays, Macbeth, we can see an influence years later in Kate Chopin’s novel The Awakening. At the end of the tragedy Lady Macbeth folds under the pressure paralleling some the burdens Edna Pontellier suffers from. Many of Lady Macbeth’s personalities are reflected in Edna. Through the suicidal acts taken by both characters at the conclusion of the books, we can see the how Lady Macbeth influenced Chopin. Macbeth also has a great influence upon the personalityRead MoreThe Supernatural Evil Within Lady Macbeth in Shakespeare’s Macbeth1561 Words   |  6 Pagesspecific genders. 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The characters of Macbeth are no exception.   Shakespeare creates people who either strive for, or abuse authority.   The men and women in Macbeth have varying degrees of guilt, power, and integrity.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   In order to compare the genders in Macbeth, one must understand how women were treated in Shakespeares time.   The great Queen Elizabeth I died three years prior to the writing of Macbeth, and yet herRead MoreSummary Of Internal Suspense In The Tragedy Of Macbeth883 Words   |  4 PagesMany of the notable events that occurred in The Tragedy of Macbeth were solely based off of the mental aspect of situations- numerous characters experience internal conflicts, which indeed drives them to insanity. For instance, these interior events can hold the feeling of suspense, through providing tension and anticipation in the character’s thoughts in the rising action of the play; Lady Macbeth’s suspense begins as she influences Macbeth to kill for her own benefit. Events can also portray theRead MoreLady Macbeth Has Been Described as the ‘Fourth Witch.’ Do You Agree with This Statement?1113 Words   |  5 PagesLady Macbeth is an insidious and complex character. Throughout the course of the novel, she manipulates her husband, Macbeth, and spurs him to commit his first murder in order for him to ultimately achieve what she believes he deserves. Lady Macbeth is shown to the audience as a loyal wife who wants the best for his husband, but at the same time, she is portrayed as a malicious character from the very beginning of the play. The line between an evil human being, and a scheming witch, is so fine thatRead MoreLady Macbeth Ambition Essay1029 Words   |  5 PagesLady Macbeths own abition is the real driving force behind Macbeths actions Discuss In play Macbeth, Lady Macbeth is one of William Shakespeare’s most dominant and frightening female characters, known for her ambitious nature. As Macbeth’s wife, her role is significant in his rise and fall from royalty. During Shakespearean times, women were regarded as weak insignificant beings that were there to give birth and look beautiful. They were not thought to be as intelligent or equal to men. ThoughRead MoreCauses of Macbeths Downfall1445 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Causes of Macbeths Downfall – Essay By Jordan Koorey Shakespeare’s Macbeth, based on a play written in 1605 explores the life journey of Macbeth as he climbs the ladder of the social hierarchy. Determined to become King, Macbeth will kill any and all that get in his way. Driven by ambition, Macbeth puts his faith in the words and prophecies of three witches after a prediction that Macbeth would gain the new title of Thane of Cawdor. Alongside with ambition, Lady Macbeth, is a key instrument toRead MoreLady Macbeth and the Jacobean Society820 Words   |  4 PagesLady Macbeth’s atypical and complex character directly challenged the archetypal principles and beliefs of the Jacobean era which as a result, drew major fascination through the ages. Lady Macbeth was Shakespeare’s device to not only stimulate audience’s emotions, but to also provide historical context and elicit dominant themes which reflected Jacobean society. Her ambiguous character and remarkable influences in the play raised a lot of controvers y and fascination amongst both modern and Jacobean

Brazil Geography and Culture Free Essays

Brazil: Geography and Culture Geography Brazil with a background of Portuguese colonialism back in 1500 is the largest nation in Latin America, nearly half (47%) of the South American continent, comprises slightly under half of the land mass in South America continent and share border with every South American country except Chile and Ecuador. Brazil size is almost the size of United States excluding Alaska. Brazil has 13 cities with over one million residents. We will write a custom essay sample on Brazil Geography and Culture or any similar topic only for you Order Now The main capital is Brasilia, Brazil has 13 cities with over one million residents. Three important cities in Brazil including Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Salvador. Brazil is a diverse country with ethnic groups including: 54% European, 39% mixed European-African, 6% Africa, 1% other. The physical environment in each region determined the types of crops grown or the resources extracted and this, in turn, influenced the populations that settled there and the social and economic systems that developed. Brazil’s economic history, in fact, has been marked by a succession of cycles, each one based on the exploitation of a single export commodity: timber (brazilwood) in the first years of colonization; sugarcane in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; precious metals (gold) and gems (diamonds) in the eighteenth century; and finally, coffee in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The Northeast Region has about 53. 6 million people, which represents 28% of the total number in the whole country. Most of the population lives in the urban area, althourgh, about 15 million people lives in the sertao. Its famous in Brazil by its hot wheather, beautiful beaches, rich culture, the sertao and to be the birthplace of the country. The biggest cities are Salvador, Fortaleza and Recife, which are the regional metropolitan areas of the Nordeste, all with a population above a million inhabitants. The Central-West Region is composed of the states of Goias, Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul; along with Distrito Federal (Federal District), where Brazil’s national capital, Brasilia, is situated. This Region is right in the heart of Brazil, representing 18. 86% of the national territory. The Southeast Region of Brazil is composed by the states of Espirito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo. It is the richest region of the country, responsible for approximately 60% of the Brazilian GDP. The Southern Region of Brazil is one of the five administrative regions of Brazil. It includes the states of Parana, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul and covers 576,300. km ? , being the smallest portion of the country. It is a great tourist, economic and cultural pole. It borders Uruguay, Argentina, and Paraguay as well as the Center-West Region, the Southeast Region and the Atlantic Ocean. The region received large numbers of people European immigrants during the 19th century, who have had a large influence on its demography and culture. The main ethnic groups of Southern Brazil are Brazilians of Italian, Portuguese a nd German descent. Today Brazil is justifiably famous for the Amazon River; Carnival in Rio; the beaches of Copacabana and Ipanema; its many champion soccer teams, and of course, for the amazing collection of organized diversity that makes it one of the most significant and important countries on the face of the planet. Brazil Culture The population of Brazil was about 194 million, the sixth largest in the world after China, India, the United States, Indonesia, and the Russian Federation. Despite its large population, Brazil’s demographic density is relatively low. Although there has been significant population movement into the interior in recent decades, about 80 percent of all Brazilians still live within two hundred miles of the Atlantic coast. Unlike many other Latin American countries where there is a distinct Indian population, Brazilians have intermarried to the point that it sometimes seems that almost everyone has a combination of o European, African and indigenous ancestry. Many original Portuguese settlers married native women, which created a new race, called ‘mestizos’. Mulattoes’ are descendants of the Portuguese and African slaves. Despite the mixing of ethnicities, there is a class system in Brazil. Class is determined by economic status and skin colour. Few Brazilians could be described as racist, although social discrimination based on skin colour is a daily occurrence. People with darker brown skin are economically and socially disadvantaged. Many senior and middle ranking Brazilian business executives speak excellent English and in fact, many of them may have studied abroad in the USA or Europe. However, English is not spoken when dealing with people outside the major commercial centres, an ability to speak Brazilian Portuguese is extremely useful. The official language of Brazil is Portuguese; however, there are more than 180 native languages spoken in the country. It is also important to note that Brazil is the only country in South America whose dominant language and culture comes from Portugal. Aside from a small number of recently contacted indigenous peoples, all Brazilians speak Portuguese. Brazilian Portuguese differs somewhat in grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation from the language of Portugal. Brazilian Portuguese contains a large number of indigenous terms, particularly words for native plants, animals, and place-names are not found in continental Portuguese. While regional accents exist in Brazil, they are not very pronounced and native Portuguese speakers from one region have no difficulty understanding those from other regions. The vast majority of Brazilians are monolingual in Portuguese, although many middle-class and elite Brazilians study English and to a lesser extent Spanish, French, and German. Brazilians are very proud of their linguistic heritage and resent that many foreigners, particularly North Americans, think Brazilians speak Spanish. However, anybody wishing to do business with Brazil and the Brazilians should be aware of the various cultural and structural barriers, which might confront them. Probably the most pervasive barrier encountered by the unwary traveller would be the ‘Custo Basil’ or the ‘Brazil Cost’. This term refers to the very real extra costs of doing business in Brazil — corruption, governmental inefficiency, legal and bureaucratic complications, excessive taxation, poor infrastructure, inflation etc. Although this ‘costa’ is difficult to define and has lessened in recent years, it  remains real and the cause of great frustration for international business people. Due to this ‘Custo Brasil’, it is important to work closely with local lawyers and accountants. Many people have found the services of local intermediaries (despachante) extremely useful in overcoming many of the unfathomable local complexities. The official religion in Brazil is Roman Catholic; there are more Catholics in Brazil than in any other country in the world. As with any other country in the world, Brazil is a melting pot of different religions. In fact, due to the diversity of its cultures and its heritage, this country boasts an array of religious ideals and affiliations. Interestingly, recent censuses have revealed that around 90% of the Brazilian population subscribe to some religious ideal, making it more religiously inclined than any other South American country. Only around 1% of its population do not believe in a God, or a supreme being in some form or another. Catholicism was introduced to Brazil when the European settlers arrived with the aim of ‘civilising’ the local native people. They built churches and brought religious leaders into the country to teach young and old alike the doctrines of Catholicism. During the 19th century, Catholicism was made the official religion of Brazil. This meant that Catholic priests were paid a salary by the government, including them in the political affairs of the country. As such, Catholicism became an integral part of the management and administration of Brazil and its people. Many of the Brazilian festivals are based on the Catholic religion. Other religions (non-Christian origin) includes Jewish, Muslim, Buddhist, Jehovah’s Witnessm Shinto, Rastafarian, Candomble, Umbanda and 1% of its population do not believe in God or supreme being in some form or another. Why Brazil? With a population of 194 million, Brazil represents the fifth largest market opportunity in the world after China, India, Indonesia and United States of America. It is also the fifth largest country in the world by geographic size. Not only that, Brazil is a land of rich in natural resources such as iron ore, bauxite, manganese, nickel, uranium, gold, gemstones, oil and timber. Combine these facts with the stabilising economic and political landscape, this is why Brazil attracts a higher percentage of total global foreign direct investment every year. So, as with many countries, the opportunities are there and they are real but, it is essential to understand the local business landscape if want to do business in Brazil. Regardless in what sector banking, computing or pharmaceuticals, local knowledge is important. Today, Brazil has one of the largest economies in the Americas and is the largest in South America. References: 1. http://geography. bout. com/od/specificplacesofinterest/a/geographyofbraz. htm 2. http://www. justbrazil. com/site/index. php? option=com_contentview=articleid=94Itemid=119 3. http://geography. about. com/od/brazilmaps/a/brazilfacts. htm 4. http://www. brazil. org. za/brazil-culture. html 5. http://www. everyculture. com/Bo-Co/Brazil. html#b 6. http://www. mapsofworld. com/south-america/culture/brazil. html 7. http://www. worldbusiness culture. com/Brazilian-Business-Communication-Style. html 8. http://www. brazil. org. za/religion. html How to cite Brazil Geography and Culture, Essay examples

Corporate Finance and Reporting Reflection †Sample Assignment

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Finance and Reporting Reflection. Answer: Introduction: The importance of an impairment test is to measure if the amount that is stated on the balance sheet is a true reflection of the balance sheet items. When the impairment test is done and subsequently indicates a lower value then there should be a reduction of the balance sheet value. Impairment testing is applied for both tax accounts and audit accounts. Impairment test is conducted at annual intervals. This can be done at any time of the year as long as the next test will be done at the same time in the next financial year. There is no need of testing at the same time if the company is comprised of different reporting units. It may necessitate to conduct an impairment test. If the fair value reduces more than carrying amount, this may necessitate an impairment test to be done. Other circumstance that may compel the management to carry out this test includes an event where a lawsuit looms, the loss of key staff, regulatory changes and in the event that the reporting unit will be sold. An asset is accounted for when its amounts in the books is greater than the assets recoverable amount. This means that the asset will not generate the profits in a sufficient way. Very few take into account the importance of conducting an impairment test at the close of financial statements of assets such as fixed assets, inventories, accounts receivables that must be checked to check whether there is evidence of deterioration. Therefore, it is important for the management to know the importance of an impairment test. Anil Kumar, Vrajesh Kumar and B Mariyappa, Corporate Accounting (Himalaya Pub. House, 2010) The management of long reach ltd for purposes of decision making needs to see how much is going to be recovered and how much of the inventories noted in the balance sheet will be realized 2. It is common that in many accounts inventories are not reviewed in relation to obsolescence, expiration and deterioration. There are many stakeholders who are interested in this type of revie ws, some of the stakeholders are banks, suppliers etc. who are interested in this review for the assets that are offered as collateral . Long term depreciated assets may also be tested for impairment when there is an external or internal indication that these assets might be worth less that the carrying amount. AASB 136 defines carrying amount as the amount recognized in an asset after deducting any amortization or accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment loss. how the existence of goodwill will affect the impairment testPositive and negative goodwill.once the assets and liabilities that meet the recognition conditions have been identified and the fair value (or any one of the special valuation rules) established, the difference between the Cost of the combination with the net value of the assets and liabilities acquired. If the difference is positive, it is recorded as "goodwill" on the assets side of the balance sheet.If it is negative, it is immediately recognized as income within the operating result. Although this latter assumption is considered "exceptional", the standard does not incorporate the obligation established in paragraph 56 of IFRS 3, which requires a prior review of the identification and valuation of the assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities of the business acquired, and Of the cost of the combination. Positive Goodwill bookings underwent very significant and well-publicized changes as a result of the substitution of the systematic amortization of this asset by the annual impairment test. As a result, and regardless of the retroactive adjustments that could result from the correction of an accounting error after the conclusion of the provisional accounting period, the value of goodwill in balances after the combination date is obtained as follows: Once the initial goodwill value is determined (without prejudice to any adjustments that may be made during the interim accounting period), the entity must determine which cash-generating units benefit from the synergies of the combination, and distribute among them the fund of paid trade. The 6th standard is again based on international standard 21 and requires that such units be submitted at least annually to the impairment test described in standard 2.2, comparing the carrying amount of such unit with its recoverable value, Which is the largest of: Its value in use, which is defined in the Framework as "the present value of the expected future cash flows, Sometimes the assets of a company are impossible to touch or see. A company with a higher goodwill will for instance be bought at a higher price as compared to a company . whose goodwill is not so much. This also applies to companies that intend to acquire others. For example, a company that is recognized widely is expected to have a bigger goodwill than the company that is moderately known , hence will be required to fork out more if the two businesses intend to buy a company. Therefore, goodwill affects acquisition cost and hence impairment test is critical5. basic steps to be followed in applying the impairment testThe process of impairment testing involves a multi step process. The first step is Assessing Qualitative factors; it is important to review the situation to note if it is necessary to do further impairment testing. Based on assessing relevant circumstances and events, this will be a starting point to determine whether the impairment test is necessary or not. For example, it is likely that impairment is present when macro economic conditions are not favorable, when there is increased costs, when there is declining cashflows, a sustained shareprice decrease or a change in management. Hence, if there is possibility of impairement you can continue with impairment testing 4.Step 2; this steps involve identifying impairment potential In this step compare the fair value of the reporting unit to the carrying amount of the asset. It is advisable to include the goodwill on the reporting units carrying amount. Edward Fields, The Essentials Of Finance And Accounting For Nonfinancial Managers (AMACOM, 2002). Also, consider the presence of any unrecognizable intangible assets. If the carrying amount is less than the fair value of the reporting unit then there is no goodwill impairment hence no need to go on to the next step. However, proceed to the next step when the carrying amount is greater than the fair value. Calculating impairment loss This involves comparing the implied fair value and the goodwill of the reporting units carrying amount. The difference in figures of the two figures i.e. the carrying amount and the fair value is regarded as the impairment loss. When calculating the fair value of the implied goodwill, the IASB 136 requires that you assign the fair value of the unit that is being reported on with the associated liabilities and assets of that reporting unit. This includes research and development assets. If there is excess amount of the fair value of the reporting unit over the amounts assigned to its liabilities and assets, this is the fair value implied of the associated goodwill 5. The company will receive the price that is equivalent to the fair value of the reporting unit as long as it does not sell the unit in a rushed transaction. There are other alternatives that are used to quote the market price such as the revenue that is based on revenue or earnings. A cash-generating unit is a set of assets that a company destines to a particular purpose and that can operate independently of the rest of the company, so that the pool of assets that make up this unit can deteriorate globally instead of deteriorating assets by active. For example a branch or a delegation of a company. For a pool of assets to be considered as a cash-generating unit, cash inflows must be independent of other cash flows generated by other assets or groups of assets 7.The treatment of impairment losses of a cash unit is set out in the resolution of September 18, 2013, of the Institute of Accounting and Auditing, which establishes rules of registration and valuation and information to be included in the report Of the annual accounts on the impairment of assets, published in the BOE of September 25, 2013. Calculation of impaired loss Carrying amount of assets $ 1500,000 Recoverable amount $1420,000 Impairement loss $ 80,000 Allocation against good will Impairment loss is first used to write of the goodwill of $40,000 Girish Kumar Rana, Corporate Accounting (ABD Publishers, 2010). Andrea Zanoni, Accounting For Goodwill (Routledge, 2009). Allocation against other assets The loss of $ 40,000 is used to allocated against other assets of the company, only that cash is an exception because it is already at realizable value. And also inventory because it is recorded at net realizable value and lower of cost. Carrying amount proportion Allocation of loss Net carrying amount Brand 160000 160/1260 5079 154921 Factory 700000 700/1260 22222 677778 machine 400000 400/1260 12699 387301 1260000 40000 Journal entry as at 30 june 2015 Dr cr Impairement loss 80000 Goodwill 40000 Brand( ac amortization and impairment loss 5079 Factory( accumulated depr and impairment loss 22222 Machinery(accumulated depr and impaired loss 12699 Bibliography Anil Kumar, S, Vrajesh Kumar and B Mariyappa, Corporate Accounting (Himalaya Pub. House, 2010) Bloom, Martin, Double Accounting For Goodwill (Routledge, 2008) Fields, Edward, The Essentials Of Finance And Accounting For Nonfinancial Managers (AMACOM, 2002) Joseph, T, Corporate Accounting (Tata McGraw-Hill, 2009) Peterson, Raymond H, Accounting For Fixed Assets (J. Wiley, 2002) Rajasekaran, V and R Lalitha, Corporate Accounting (Pearson, 2011) Rana, Girish Kumar, Corporate Accounting (ABD Publishers, 2010) Zanoni, Andrea, Accounting For Goodwill (Routledge, 2009)

Letter to Newlyweds free essay sample

Letter to Newlyweds Rosemarie Velez Com200: Interpersonal Communication Prof. Megan Pope March 25, 2013 Dear Newlyweds, It has come to my attention that you have been seeking advice to keep the love alive throughout your marriage. I may say I am no expert but my research has given me the advantage to help you out. As a couple you should practice ways to keep your marriage alive; managing interpersonal conflicts, learning the importance of listening, and learning how to intact your emotions and speak to one another is what will help you understand one another. I will section these main points for you so that you will understand more. Managing interpersonal conflicts The reason being that it is important to manage interpersonal conflicts is because you want to make sure that issues are being resolved, you never want to have a disagreement about something and never come to a common ground in the situation it will only cause tension and make things worse. We will write a custom essay sample on Letter to Newlyweds or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Based on a website I have found that gives relationship advice, it is said, â€Å"People have varying degrees of comfort with conflict. Some prefer avoiding it at all costs. Unfortunately, those costs tend to increase the longer issues are left unaddressed. Therefore, learning how to manage and resolve conflict is to your benefit†. (Life Tips, 2013). From this statement it is clear that there are couples who put very serious issues in the back burner and when that occurs the issue becomes long term. That is why you must learn how to manage your conflicts and instead or yelling at each other it is best that you speak calmly. Something else that involves managing your interpersonal conflicts includes understanding the other person. â€Å"Attempt to understand the other persons point of view. Dismissing the others views, assigning blame, and exclusive focus on your own perspective are all counterproductive. † (Life Tips, 2013) When communicating with your partner about something it is clear that your feelings are not the only thing that matters. You must be able to put your views aside and listen and try to understand why your partner feels the way they feel. Being understanding is a step to making things better because once you both understand the others point of view than you can come together as one and have a common ground on the issue. Develop strategies for active, critical, and empathic listening When communicating with your partner is listening, not hearing, listening. Some partners say that they are listening when they really aren’t. When talking things out paying attention to what your partner is saying or how they are feeling is important. The reason why it is so important because when you are not listening to your partner it becomes an issue. â€Å"One of the most neglected interpersonal communication skills, and a core competence we must master to be an effective communicator, is listening. You cannot understand others, respond appropriately to what they say, and provide helpful feedback if you have not listened†. (Sole, 2011) This is a statement that completely backs up to what I just said. Listening is a big factor in communication in a marriage or in any relationship in that matter. You have to give one hundred percent to keep that relationship healthy. Listening is the act of hearing and interpreting the message being conveyed from another person. Many couples get together and stop listening to one another. All they do is hear. Hearing is not enough if a couple wants to remain together. (Diggs, Angela, 2009) In this statement that is found in an article that was posted on Helium. com Diggs stated four reasons why listening is important and they were; keeps relationships together, helps develop intimacy in connection, shows respect and healing to relationships. I hope that these four reasons why listening is important can help you two to always listen to one another. Emotional intelligence and its role in effective interpersonal relationships Being able to control your emotions in an effective interpersonal relationship means controlling that moment where information is given that must be clear with emotions not getting out of control. An example I have found on cbtrecovery. com states, â€Å" · In relationships: Don’t let hurts and problems build up. Examples? How can you prevent problems from getting worse? Resolve conflicts before they get overwhelming. End hopeless relationships. † Being that you two are newlyweds your marriage is fresh everything is perfect. From what I have heard from people that are married things change over time; kids are made, a house is bought, things become more stressful and both of you will have new responsibility that you both have to take care of together as a team. I know that as women we can get very emotional about everything and as a man emotions will not be shown because it is ignored. So as a husband and wife you should learn how to intact your emotions so that it is shown but not shown too much. As a married couple you have to be able to communicate all the time even if it’s just talking about at favorite movie or the activity you did or even how work went. Doing that can help enhance your communication and if or when there is something that is bothering the other person it will be talked about. An example I have that may help you is my mom’s marriage. Her communication with her husband was very poor so when issues aroused it became very emotional for her because she took her time speaking about it. When that happens it can cause confusion it can even cause misunderstanding in the relationship which is not very good. My mom end up learning that and now she is separated. I always say communication is key to a healthy relationship and from the information I have given you so far it seems true; especially for marriage. This is a statement from a doctor and it explains the different emotional types of people. â€Å"In healthy, constructive relationships, it’s no secret that solid communication skills and the ability to process your emotions always take a front-row seat. But did you know that in the world of relationships, there are two different types of people? You’re either an emotionally responsible person or an emotionally dependent one. Emotional responsibility is very important in a healthy, satisfying relationship. It facilitates personal growth, as well as growth between you and your partner†. (Dr. Laura Berman) Recognize how words have the power to create and affect attitudes, behavior, and perception The way you speak to your partner and the way you act is a really big thing that causes issues in your relationship. If you and your partner are in a disagreement and one is yelling at the other it tends to cause an emotional imbalance within the person. Meaning that the emotions are going crazy to the point the person doesn’t understand why they are being yelled at. In my own experience I have had moments where as my partner would get upset about something and speak to me in a disrespectful manner and when I would try to speak to him to see what was wrong his body language and facial expression would show his aggravation. When that would happen my emotions would erupt and I would not understand what was going on that caused the situation to get worse because either we would ignore everything and it would build up or we would just argue and never fix things. It’s important that when you are talking with your partner that you are being respectful you are listening you are showing that you are listening instead of having wandering eyes. This can help your communication get better because you will know how to control the words you choose and learn how to have the write body language and facial expression. The words you choose can make your relationship a lot better, or at times, it can push your partner away from you forever. You may communicate well, share your dreams, respect your lover and even be great in bed, but the way you use the power of words could still affect your relationship on a subconscious level. † (Avdeeva, Natalia, 2012) This statement supports what I have stated. The proce ss by which self-concept is developed and maintained In your relationship there are things that you both have to do to be at peace with yourself. In marriage things can be perfect as a team but sometimes things aren’t always perfect within you. So that’s where self-concept comes in and I will give you examples of how it can be maintained. Self-concept is the way you look at yourself it’s a judgment that you have of yourself. If you look at yourself in a negative way it can cause your partner to look at you the same way. You want to always see and think of yourself in a positive way regardless of what. If you feel ugly and your partner finds you’re the most beautiful thing on earth than you believe it. The way you look, your self-esteem and self-worth all should be positive. I know for women our self-image can mean so much that will cause our self-esteem low but when being in a relationship you have to be positive about yourself that shows that you are confident in yourself in your marriage and a person that won’t let things ruin anything. â€Å"Developing a healthy self-concept takes deliberate planning and concentrated effort. It takes acknowledging your intrinsic value as a human being, and then working to acquire the skills needed to confront the many challenges and adversities we encounter in life. When you possess a healthy self-concept, nothing can rattle you, or take you off your stride. You are confident, poised, and assured because you know you are equipped to handle whatever comes your way. † (Essential Life Skills) A healthy self-concept includes knowing yourself, assessing your strengths and weaknesses as well as knowing your potential to do things. You should always love and accept who you are, be true to who you are and take responsibilities for the decisions you make. To maintain these healthy ways to self-concept is to be positive as I said before. It also helps to have positive people around you as well. That should be able to help you with who you are and how you view each other as one. Now don’t ever get discouraged if you have disagreements about something just remember the importance of interpersonal communication as a married couple. As newlyweds this is the time to get to know each other more, on a deeper level. The advice I have given you is to get you started and to continue to keep your marriage healthy and happy. Controlling your interpersonal conflicts, listening and understand each other, and speaking to each other the right way where emotions and being thought of is what is going to help you, not only as a married couple but as friends and as people. References http://relationship. lifetips. com/cat/64813/managing-conflict-in-relationships/index. html Sole, K. (2011). Making connections: Understanding interpersonal communication. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Schoenberg, N. (2011, January 17). Can we talk? Researcher talks about the role of communication in happy marriages. McClatchy-Tribune News Service. Retrieved from ProQuest http://www. drlauraberman. com/relationships/committed-love/emotional-responsibility

The skills we learn in school to became a sales pe Essays - Economy

The skills we learn in school to became a sales pe Essays - Economy The skills we learn in school to became a sales person ? A sales person is who sells goods and services to other entities. The amount of sales usually measures the successfulness of a salesperson he can make during a given period and how good that person is in persuading to make a purchase. If a salesperson is employed by a company, in some cases compensation can be decreased or increased based on the amount of goods or services sold. Understand what the buyer wants Sell in a buyer-responsive manner Use psychology to engage the buyer Establish trust with the buyer Communicate succinctly Act on what the customer is saying Demonstrate subject matter expertise Help (as opposed to close) their prospects Tell really compelling stories Are great copywriters Sell effectively over the phone Are socially active with target buyers Personalize their interactions Use a variety of marketing skills Help prospects achieve next steps Are more productive because of sales technology Tie daily activities to quota achievement Manage their pipeline like a portfolio UNDERSTANDING THE BUYER The most important of today's sales skills is simply understanding the buyer. It's the foundation of effective selling. But it involves more than just understanding who the buyer is. As my partner Craig Rosenberg likes to say, "This isn't just about knowing what brand of coffee the buyer drinks". Instead, it's about identifying the experience that the buyer wants to have as they consider making a purchase in your market. You buyer has a set of expectations about that experience and your job as a salesperson is to exceed those expectations. You can't exceed them if you don't understand the experience that the buyer wants to have. BUYER-RESPONSIVE SELLING When a salesperson understands the buyer, they can engage in what's called buyer-responsive selling. The idea here is to provide the buyer with what they want, when they want it. For example, if your buyer needs a trial to evaluate your product but can't allocate more than 30 minutes to it, give them a free trial. But don't just give them any free trial. Give them a free trial that is easy to set up, easy to use, and really demonstrates the value of your product in five minutes or less. One other point - buyers like salespeople who have skills! ESTABLISHING TRUST WITH THE BUYER Buyers like to do business with people they trust. The stereotypical used car salesman just isn't relevant anymore. Good salespeople view their ability to establish trust with the buyer as a core sales skill. Helping the buyer goes a long way in this regard, as does understanding what the buyer wants. CONCISE COMMUNICATIONS Given how busy the average buyer is today, a critical sales skill is to make sure that you communicate succinctly. The days of the silver-tongued, overly verbose salesperson are coming to an end. Buyers value how information is presented more than the information itself. Today, the preferred form of presentation is conciseness. A good rule here is to never try to communicate more than three important points in a single conversation with a buyer. CUSTOMER-DRIVEN RESPONSIVENESS A lot of sales leaders and pundits like to talk about good salespeople are good listeners. We think that goes without saying and that the best salespeople take action based on what they hear from their customer. It's not good enough to just listen. You need to internalize what the buyer just said and then do something about it. SALES SUBJECT MATTER EXPERTISE Salespeople aren't just vacuous portals anymore. They actually need to be subject matter experts in two areas. First, they need to understand the buyer. This involves knowing about the pressing issues that the buyer is facing and what the buyer wants as they work their way to a purchase. Second, salespeople need to know a lot about their own product or service. ALWAYS BE HELPING Buyers don't want to be closed; they want to be helped. That's why always be helping is the new always be closing (we just published a post on Always Be Helping ). ABH is more of a mindset than a skill. A lot of salespeople struggle with this, but you should try to remember it

Performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Performance - Essay Example Team learning and group dynamics are two of the most important imperatives of organizational behavior that significantly impact performance outcome. Effective team work constitutes one of the most important factors that make valuable contribution to the organization promoting a sense of togetherness and collective responsibility that reflects in the increased output and improved performance of the organization. Argote claims that team learning processes involve collective acquisition, combination, creation and sharing of knowledge and that they are considerable influenced by the internal team dynamics (Argote, 1999). Leadership within the team inspires others to achieve common goals through persuasive communication skill. Leadership motivates and encourages that target group within the group that plays a crucial part in the development processes. Group dynamics play crucial role in the smooth functioning of the organizations. The rapid globalization has ushered in an era of multicultural society with people from different race, culture and nationality. Workplace diversity has become common feature and understanding of cross cultural values for mutual trust building has become important. Group dynamics are characterized by unique code of behavior that is specific to the group that is developed over a period of time. According to Hartley ‘value congruity between personal values and perceived value†¦ increased acceptance of that group’ (Hartley, 1960). It is further argues that participation within the group has positive effect on both attitude and job performance (Vroom, 1959). Indeed, emerging new managerial leadership must encompass a very important aspect of organizations, that of making effort to involve employees in the decision making process. The leadership has recognized the importance of people’s

Dance as a Form of Cultural Expression Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Dance as a Form of Cultural Expression - Essay Example Over the years, there have been different forms of dance and choreographers who have steered the American culture.   Non-academic modern dance in America was first introduced by St. Denis and Shawn, collectively referred to as Denishawn, who coached their students to use their talents so as to express themselves through movement (Thomas 85). This dance group was created against the backdrop of the First World War when America had developed a high sense of nationalism and the federal government took control of almost of sectors of the society. The Denishwan dance was characterized by ballets and exoticisms, adopted from Greek movements. According to Thomas, any person who was suspected of engaging in activities that could undermine national security was arrested and imprisoned (87). After the war, though, political goals posts changed and the then government minimized federal interference in business and other sectors. According to Thomas, progressive education during this era champ ioned for change. The modern dance was characterized by different experiments with bodily movements, which did not rely on Greek methods of dancing. In short, the new age dancers were in search of dance methods that reflected the American culture, as opposed to oriental culture. The Americanized dance involved more profound body movements as a way of expressing art. In addition, the modern dances sought to establish the independence of dance from music, considering that Denishawn had always viewed dance as secondary to music (Thomas 89). Martha Graham, a former dancer in Denishawn became one of the modern age dancers and produced numerous choreographic works in her career. Graham, for example, fused humor and dance as a form artistic expression relevant to the American culture. Graham’s choreography was characterized by increased torso movements, to go along with the breathing partners of the dancers (Thomas 89). The exaggerated contractions and expansions represented the inn er conflicts within the inner self of a human being. Additionally, there was the inclusion of emotional intensity and expression of inner feelings in the modern dance as compared to the formal ballet dances that were more narrative. Humphrey’s choreography involved isolating music from dance, in such a way that dancers sometimes performed in complete silence or a spoken word (Thomas 89). The relationship between balance and imbalance, depicted by falls and the rises of the dancers from the floor characterized much of Humphrey’s choreography. In addition, Humphrey preferred individual work as opposed to group dances in her choreography. Dancing with the Stars Dancing with the stars as a ballroom dancing reality show is designed to exemplify the American dream that encourages personal growth. The dream that everyone in America is accorded the chance to showcase their talents regardless of race, religion, background and other factors that make individuals different is wha t dancing with the stars is all about. The reality show serves to encourage people to pursue their dreams and believe that they can be successful regardless of any limiting factors.  Ã‚  

Significance Of Physiotherapy Post Thoracotomy

Significance Of Physiotherapy Post Thoracotomy Many people who suffers from orthopedic, cardiopulmonary or neurology problems go to physical therapy seeking help. Physiotherapy is considered to be an important aspect of full recovery stages. It is an art and science which contributes to the development of heath. Physical therapy is one of the most important professions in the health care community where it can help the patients to recover through rehabilitation programs and exercises. The importances of physical therapy are represented in improving the quality of life for the patient, and returning the patient to his normal life without difficulties in performing his activity of daily living (ADLS) (1,2). Also, physical therapy helps in the prevention of impairments and limitations of activities, promotion of the general health of the patient, and providing post-operative care after surgery (3, 2, 4). Following any surgery, the patient must take physiotherapy in order to increase his endurance and functional independence (2). Mor e over, physiotherapy interventions can be used in assisting for the prevention and treatment of the complications whether it is a pulmonary or musculoskeletal after major surgeries (5). One of these major surgeries is thoracotomy. Thoracotomy is a surgical procedure where an incision is made in the chest wall to reach the thoracic organs (6). It can be done either laterally or anteriorly in order to enter the lungs, heart, esophagus, and major blood vessels (7). Thoracotomy can be done for several reasons such as: removing blood clots from the chest, removing a portion or entire lung, repairing the heart or the vessels of the lung and heart, and removing pus from the chest (8). Also, it is needed with collapsed lung, pneumothorax, emphysema, and with several situations like stab or gunshot wound that is located in the chest (7). Dealing post-operatively with thoracotomy is considered to be hard because this procedure is very painful so that it prevents the patient from breathing effectively causing pneumonia or atelactasis (8). Regarding to that, physiotherapy is very important post-thoracotomy. Physiotherapy can help patients post-thoracotomy in reducing the length of hospital stay, and improving the general fitness of the patient (9). Furthermore, physical therapy can clear the secretion and improve the chest wall mobility for those patients by breathing exercises and encourage them to cough (10). In addition to that, physiotherapists will make sure that these patients can walk independently by themselves or if they need another member to help them (10). Also, patients ability to ascend and descend the stairs will be assessed before going back home (10). -2- Body of knowledge: As mentioned above, there are some diseases or situations that may lead to thoracotomy surgery. One of these diseases is pneumothorax. Pneumothorax is defined as air leaking to the space that is located between the lungs and the chest wall (11). This air will lead the lung to be collapsed (11, 12). There are many causes that can lead to pneumothorax. Pneumothorax can be caused chest injuries and some medical procedures such as fractured rib, knife or gun shot wounds, car crash, insertion of chest tubes, and procedures using a scope down the throat and into the lung (11, 12). Also, underlying lung disease which causes the lung to be damaged leads to lung collapse. These diseases include cystic fibrosis, emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumonia, asthma, lung cancer, and other lung infections (11, 12). Moreover, ruptured of the air blisters is one of these causes (11). These air blisters appears on the top of the lung and there is no apparent reason of the appearance of these blisters (11). Rupture of these air blisters can occur from the change in the air pressure like scuba diving, flying, and mountain climbing (11). Further more, severe pneumothorax can be caused by the mechanical ventilation for the breathing process (11). The mechanical ventilator works on pushing and pulling the air inside and out side the lung (11). This can lead to imbalance in the air pressure of the chest and that will cause the lung to be completely collapsed (11). Pneumothorax has three types. First one is traumatic pneumothorax that is caused by penetrating chest wound (knife stab) (12, 13, 14). Second one is spontaneous pneumothorax, which is caused by emphysema or other lung disease (12, 13, 14). The last one is tension pneumothorax where the leaking air will cause a compression on -3- the chest structures and it can be caused by trauma, lung infection, and medical procedure (12, 13, 14). Moving to the sign and symptoms that are caused by pneumothorax, they involved sharp sudden chest pain that doesnt become worse by breathing (11, 12). This pain is felt at the site of affected lung where it can lead to tightness in the chest that is felt by the patient (11, 12). Also, the symptoms contain mild or severe shortness of breath (11, 12). And that will be determined by having any underlying lung disease and depending on the extent of the collapse in the lung (11, 12). In addition to that, pneumothorax symptoms may include: rapid heart rate, rapid breathing, cough, fatigue, and skin cyanosis (bluish color) because of decreasing in the oxygen levels in the blood (12). There are some risk factors that contribute in developing pneumothorax. Some of these factors are: the gender and age of the patient where men age range between 20 and 40 years who are tall and thin are more likely to develop pneumothorax than women does (12, 11). More over, risks of pneumothorax are increased by cigarettes smoking, genetic factors where it can cause a certain type of pneumothorax, and history of previous pneumothorax (11). Any individual may develop another pneumothorax after two or three years of having an old one (11). It can be developed either in the same or the other lung (11). After discussing the risk factors of pneumothorax, complications will be now debated. Complications of pneumothorax resulted from an injury or a disease may include: recurrence of pneumothorax and persistent air leak (11). This leaking air is resulted from the lung opening that fails to close where it requires surgery in order to close that leaking (11). And, in the case of severe pneumothorax, complications may involve: cardiac arrest, respiratory failure, low blood oxygen levels, and shock (11). -4- Pneumothorax can be identified or diagnosed by examining the chest using stethoscope where it shows the decreasing or the absent in the breathing sounds (12). This examination can be supported by chest x-ray to confirm the existence of pneumothorax (12, 11). In certain situations, computerized tomography can be used in order to give detailed images (11). Regarding to the treatment of pneumothorax, it rely on the severity of the disease (11). The goal of this treatment is represented in relieving the pressure that lies on the lung, preventing recurrences, and give the lung its freedom to re-expand again (11). In case of small pneumothorax the treatment contains bed rest so that the collapse is not aggravated and it will be resolved by itself within one to two weeks (11, 12). While in case of larger pneumothorax, which is companion of underlying lung disease, chest tube is used (12, 11, 14). This chest tube is located between the ribs to the area that is filled by the air which compresses on the lung (11). The chest tube works on the removing that air from the chest cavity and it can be kept for hours or days (11). Chest tube may have some complications such as pain, infection, hemorrhage, and fluid accumulation in the lung (12). In certain situations, chest tube cannot do the desired job so that surgery is required (11, 12). Some of these situations are bronchopleural fistula (lea king that doesnt close), failure of lung re-expansion, and recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax (12, 11). Example of the surgical options involves thoracotomy (13). Pneumothorax prognosis depends on two important things: extent and type of pneumothorax (12). As mentioned before, small pneumothorax doesnt need treatment (12). But the other type (larger pneumothorax), leads to 15% of mortality rate so that it needs urgent and immediate treatment (12). Both types of pneumothorax create a recurrence rate about 40% (12). Shifting to another disease stage that also may requires thoracotomy. This -5- disease is hemothorax disease. Hemothorax is an accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity which is a space located between the chest wall and the lung (15, 16). The main cause that can leads to the development of hemothorax is a trauma to the chest (15, 16, 14). This trauma leads to a rupture for the serous membrane that covers the lung or line the thorax causing the leakage of blood to the pleural cavity (15). Other causes of hemothorax may include patients with a defect of blood clotting, placement of central venous catheter, death of lung tissue, lung or pleural cancer, and tuberculosis (15). This disease is associated by many signs and symptoms such as chest pain low blood pressure, rapid heart rate, shallow breathing, shortness of breath, and restlessness (16). Also, the symptoms may include tracheal which means a deviation to normal side, cyanosis, decreased or absent of breath sounds on the affected side, and possibility of subcutaneous emphysema (15). Every disease is accom panied by complications. In hemothorax, the complications that are associated with it may involve pneumothorax, shock, fibrosis or scarring of the pleural membrane, and death. Hemothorax diagnosis can be done using several tests like chest x-ray, CT scan, pleural fluid analysis, and thoracentesis (16). After diagnosing hemothorax, immediate intervention should be taken to stop the bleeding and removing the blood from the pleural cavity (15). Removing that blood is the job of the chest tube which is inserted in the chest wall in a procedure that is tube thoracostomy (16, 15). The blood that is existing in the chest can be thickened and clot in the pleural cavity or within the chest tube (16). That will cause retained hemothorax in the plural cavity or occlusion of chest tube (16). As pneumothorax, if the chest tube fails in the control of the bleeding, thoracotomy surgery is necessary in order to control and stop the bleeding (15). Regarding to the prognosis of hemothorax, it rely on the cause and the -6- quick treatment for hemothorax. If hemothorax doesnt be treated, the collected blood will place a pressure on the mediastinum and the trachea (15). And this pressure will play a role in causing the deviation of trachea to normal side (15). Last disease that will be discussed is lung cancer. Lung cancer is a disease where an uncontrolled growing of the cells in the lung tissue occurs (17). This disease is the leader of the death in 1.3 million men and women worldwide (17). In case of the cancer that develops in the airway, it can causes obstruction in the air flow leading to difficulty in breathing (17). Because of this obstruction, the secretion will be accumulated and will cause pneumonia (17). Lung cancer can be caused by carcinogens like tobacco smoke that leads to synergistic effect and cause lung cancer. Also, viruses can cause lung cancer by affecting the cell cycle and by the inhibition of apoptosis which plays a role in the uncontrolled cell division. There are two main types of the lung cancer: non-small-cell lung carcinoma and small-cell lung carcinoma. It is important to determine the type of the cancer because depending on that, the treatment will vary. Sometimes non-small-cell lung carcinoma is treated by a surgery that is called lobectomy in the early stage. While in small-cell lung carcinoma using chemotherapy and radiation are more effective and give better results. Having lung cancer is associated by some signs and symptoms. These signs and symptoms involve shortness of breath, hemoptysis that means coughing up blood, wheezing when listening to the chest, fatigue, and loss of appetite. Moreover, chest pain or abdomen pain, weight loss, dysphagia where the patient face difficulty in swallowing, and dysphonia which means having a hoarse voice. This disease can be diagnosed by the chest radiograph and the CT scan. In order to detect the lung cancer early, examining of the patients sputum with other screening examination are necessary. Lung cancer treatment contains several ways: -7- surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. For the prognosis of the lung cancer, it is poor for the both main types. There are some prognostic factors that may affect the prognosis. In non-small-cell lung cancer, these factors include the pulmonary symptoms, tumor size, cell type, and vascular invasion. And in the small-cell lung cancer, the factors are the performance status, gender, and the stage of the disease (17). All of these diseases may require thoracotomy surgery. Regarding the thoracotomy surgery here in Kuwait, the most common surgery that is performed normally during thoracotomy is the lobectomy surgery where it means removal of a whole lung lobe. Thoracotomies surgeries usually take 3 to 4 hours (8). During the procedure, the patient will be under general anesthesia and he will be lying on his side with an elevation of his arm (7, 8). Then an incision will be made (7,8). If it is an anterior thoracotomy, the incision will be vertical from the base of the neck to the l ower end of the sternum (7). And if it is a lateral thoracotomy, the incision will be between two ribs from the front to the back where the ribs will be spread from each other (7, 8). In some cases part of the ribs will be removed (7,8). Lateral thoracotomy Anterior thoracotomy After that, chest tube will be inserted when the procedure is done in order to ensure and allow the blood and the air to get out from the chest (7, 8). Finally, stitches will be used to close the incision and the chest will be bandaged to avoid the infection (7, 8). Following thoracotomy, the patient will stay at the hospital for 5 to 10 days unless -8- complications have been developed (8). Some of these complications are: bleeding, infections, blood clots, and severe pain (8, 7, 6). The risk of these complications may be increased by several factors such as previous stroke or heart attack, age, trauma, and heavy smoking (8). AS any surgery thoracotomy patients will receive post-operative care. At the hospital, the patient will be on IV lines and tubes and he will receive antibiotics, pain medicine, anti nausea drugs. And the patient will be referred to the physical therapy (8). After being discharged from the hospital, the patient must follow some guidelines in order to help in early recovery. Some of these guidelines are drinking plenty of fluids, avoid smoking, and avoid environments that have germs or chemical irritants (8). Most of the patients are worried about returning to the work after the surgery. While working some activities should be avoided like lifting or pushing heavy objects until he completely recovers and the inc ision completely healed (8). Also, patient should avoid prolonged standing for several weeks (7). Moreover, the patient must contact his doctor in case of any of the following occurs: difficulty in breathing, coughing up yellow, green or bloody mucus, severe vomiting, excessive bleeding and increasing in pain (8). PT Role: Back to the role of physiotherapy, it is very important in enhancing the patients health after thoracotomy surgery. Physiotherapy interventions will cover three main areas: chest care, general mobility, and home advices (18). Regarding to the chest care, any individual who is undergoing major surgery will develop chest problems (18). These chest problems will occur either if the patient has or has no history of smoking and chest problems (18). There are many reasons behind the development of these problems after thoracotomy surgery. These reasons include: the anesthetic gases -9- where they work on increasing the amount of secretion production, making the patient breaths shallowly, and making the patient cough less effectively of the gluey secretion (18). Also, the operation itself is one of these reasons. While performing thoracotomy surgery, the lungs are not fully inflated so that they need to be re-expanded following the surgery (18). Other reasons are the wound and the patient posture where the feeling of the discomfort may leads to the inhibition of the deep breathing and coughing effectively, and the patients posture also leads to chest problems. Slumped posture whether it was in sitting or lying can leads to the inability of taking full deep breath. In addition to all that reasons, decreased in the activity level of the patient considered to be one of the chest problem reasons. This decrease in the level of the activities after the operation can cause an accumulation of the secretion and the shallow breathing. In order to recover and prevent the chest problems, the physiotherapist will give the patient a variety of breathing exercises like segmental breathing exercise and sustained breathing exercise. And these exercises must be done in the up right position. Also, physiotherapists will teach the patient the effective way of coughing in order to get rid of the secretion. In addition to that, the patient will be taught how to use the spirometer to increase the amount of inhaled and exhaled air. Moving to the general mobility that can also aids in the prevention of the chest problems and other complications. Following the surgery, physiotherapist will make the patient sit out of the bed in a chair to enhance and increase the depth of breathing. Then, the physiotherapist will work on making the patient walks as soon as possible. Walking exercises helps in the airway clearance, taking deep breath, and increasing the patients strength after thoracotomy surgery. Day by day the physiotherapist will increase the amount of walking. Also, shoulder mobility is one of the mobility -10- exercises that will be given to the patient. Shoulder mobility on the affected side is an important exercise that must be done after the surgery to help in the improvement of the range of motion and in the prevention of the joint stiffness. Moreover, physiotherapist will provide the patient with postural exercises and advices because he will lean toward the operated side in order to decrease the pain. This leaning will lead to a neck and back pain and stiffness. So being in the up right position will prevent that pain and stiffness. When its the time to return back home and being discharged, the physiotherapist will give the patient a home program. After being discharged, the patient must continue with the exercises that he was doing with the physiotherapist in the hospital. The patient must keep on doing the breathing exercises to enhance the function of the lungs. Also, the patient must not stop the shoulder and the postural exercises so that the therapist makes sure that the movement will be maintained. Finally, the patient has to continue with the walking exercise and gradually increase its amount and he also can climb stairs to improve his strength (18). There are some studies that were done in order to prove the effectiveness of the physiotherapy post-thoracotomy surgery. Back in the year 2006, Ganzalo Varela and others did a study. This study was done to evaluate the influence of implementing a routine program of intensive chest physiotherapy on post operation respiratory morbidity and hospital costs in a series of pulmonary lobectomy patients during thoracotomy. 639 patients were asked to stop smoking before 3 weeks from the surgery. Subjects were assigned into control and physiotherapy treatment group. Before starting the physiotherapy program, patients were encouraged by the nurses to ambulate and to perform deep breathing maneuvers using incentive spirometer. The physiotherapy program was started before one day of surgery till the discharge day. -11- During the physiotherapy program, the patients were using a treadmill and an ergometer bicycle under the supervision of the physiotherapist. Using the treadmill and the ergometer bicycle helps in performing an effective cough and deep inspiratory maneuvers. Also, the program contains arm and shoulder exercises to prevent upper extremity impairment. The outcomes that were studied were the occurrence of post operative pulmonary complications (pneumonia and atelectasis), post operative death, and the length of hospital stay. Regarding the length of stay, it was measured from the admission date to the discharged date. The results of the study were positive. Concerning the mortality rate, it was lower in the physiotherapy treatment group (0.8% in physiotherapy group, 3.5% in the control group). And for the rates of the pneumonia and atelectasis, they were also lower in the physiotherapy treatment group. Rates of pneumonia were 5% in physiotherapy group, and 9.2% in the control group. For the atelectasis rates, they were 2% in the physiotherapy group and 7.7% in the control group. Finally concerning the length of stay, its median was 5.73 days (range, 3-22 days) in the physiotherapy group and 8.33 days (range, 3-40 days) in the control group (19). Another study was done in the year 2008, in order to look for the physiotherapy effectiveness in the reduction of the post operative pulmonary complications, pain, and lenght5 of stay. The subjects were assigned to a group that receive physiotherapy treatment or a group that receive an information sheet only. And the results of the study were proving the effectiveness of physiotherapy interventions (20). -12- Conclusion: According to the previous discussion and studies, the physical therapy has a role in preventing and treating the patientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s problems post- thoracotomy surgery. From the preventive side, the physiotherapists work on eliminating, decreasing, and preventing the impairments and the limitations of the patientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s activity. These limitations and impairments can be developed after the surgery if there was no care or if they have been neglected. Because of that, the physiotherapists are taking these preventions in order to limit those limitations and impairments. And from the treatment side, the physiotherapists are giving the patients treatment exercises that help in solving and treating the complications that already develop after thoracotomy or any surgery. These complications are the chest problems either it was secretion production, decreased chest expansion. -13-